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    Energy Ch. 17 frog book notes

    energy -frog book notes

    chemical-electrons

    nuclear-nuclei (protons, neutrons)

    combustion-usually oxygen, but any oxidizer (chlorine etc.) as well

    hydrocarbons usually CnHx + O2 -> CO2 and H2O

    Incomplete = CO

    food is CHO (also N), when burned by body, creates CO2 and H2O

    efficiency: energy out/energy in %




    Evolution of fuels:

    Wood: renewable, hard to find, limited growth rate, but fine for small populations

    coal: non-renewable, stored energy from fossil plants, more concentrated energy, easier to transport, hotter burning (to create steam, melt iron)

    various grades based on source and degree of decomposition/reduction (peat,lignite, bituminous(tar), anthracite)

    oil/natural gas: non-renewable, stored energy from swamps and marine organisms

    both can be distilled into smaller/larger fractions:

    oil-> naptha, kerosene, diesel, gasoline, tar (bitumen), plastics, etc. <question: why is gasoline more expensive here in Hawaii?>

    nat gas -> methane->butane->pentane-> denser HC, fertilizers, plastics, etc.

    See also LNG (liquified nat gas)

    <question: look up the price of crude oil. notice the names and the trends. what is “sweet” oil?>

    electricity generation: coal (steam), diesel (only in Hawaii, direct or steam), nat gas (steam or direct turbine), nuclear (steam)

    Think of ships, this is where most of our electrical generation technology was developed

    Hubbert Peak, Saud (see opening credits to “The Kingdom”), Saudi Arabia, geopolitical implications

    Fracking: Nat gas game changer: water impact, price of oil, change in electrical grid (smarter, faster, more nimble)

    others: oil shale, oil sands (Alberta), methane hydrates

    ERoEI: Energy Return on Energy Invested

    http://physics.hpa.edu/physics/apenvsci/videos/ERoEI.mov

    Salt Audio clip: James Woolsey

    http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128127191


    17.3-Fossil fuel hazards

    Look up how many mine deaths per day in China

    greenhouse gases-CO2 and methane (CH4)

    air pollution: SOx, NOx, Pb, heavy metals (worst with coal, lowest with nat gas)

    water pollution: esp. with fracking

    oil spills, coal ash accidents (Kingston)

    Fly ash illegal in Europe (why?)

    Acid drainage-mines (see also metal mining, Butte, MT)

    Geopolitical issues-imagine if we did not care about oil countries since 1930…


    Energy Conservation

    e2 car segment

    http://physics.hpa.edu/physics/apenvsci/videos/e2_videos/e2%20energy/3%20paving%20the%20way.mp4



    17.4 Nuclear power

    Chemical energy: electrons

    Nuclear energy: protons and neutrons

    Fission: heavy stuff (Uranium, Plutonium) to smaller stuff (Kr, Ba, etc.)

    Fusion: light stuff (Hydrogen, Helium) to heavier stuff (Lithium, etc.)

    discovered by enrico Fermi (Chicago) around 1940, first used for heat, then bombs (WWII)

    Next, used in nuclear subs (why?)

    Electrical power on land copied from subs (why is this crazy?)

    Fission: U235 + 1 neutron -> 3 neutrons, Ba 141 and Kr 92

    Note: 1 neutron in, 3 neutrons out

    If we capture 2 out of 3, this is sustaining reaction (factor 1.0)

    If we capture 3, then it stops

    If we capture 1, the reaction will increase

    Moderators capture extra neutrons and slow them into “thermal neutrons” (control rods also)

    Bomb: make it all happen really, really fast

    Power plant: make it slow down, capture the neutrons into thermal neutrons, make steam, then electricity

    ***make sure you can draw ALL of the parts of a nuclear power plant***

    Good stuff: few greenhouse gases

    Bad stuff: waste, pollution, fallout, limited supply of Uranium (Thorium possible)


    Bad ones: 99 so far since 1945:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents

    Kyshtym/Chelyabinsk disaster 1957 Plutonium (level 6 disaster)

    Windscale fire (GB level 5, 1957)

    Navy reactor accident Idaho SL-1 (1961)

    Various Russian submarine accidents (secret) K-19, K-11, K-27, K-140, K-429, K-222, K-314, K-431

    Three Mile Island (1979) see video clip from film China Syndrome

    Goiania accident 1987 (Cobalt) also Mexico city, Zaragoza, Morocco, Costa Rica

    Chernobyl 1986 (level 7)

    Fukushima Daiichi 2010 (level 7)


    What common theme, how dangerous, how could we avoid these in the future?

    ***be prepared to cite at least three of these, and explain what happened and why****


    Fusion: LLL (look this up)


    ***Make sure you understand and can replicate the Coal energy graphic at the end of ch. 17***









    Comments

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You should be able to do the following after logging in with your account: To create a new page, click the ...Falseadmin2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:03+00:002013-02-05 02:24:03updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:02+00:002013-02-05 02:24:02addTag3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:05:35+00:002013-02-05 02:05:35updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:03:35+00:002013-02-05 02:03:35created1wiki2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8FalseEnergy notes/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8/Energy_notes.htmladmin4 updatesEnergy notes Week of 2.4.13: energy wrap-up e2 video: coal vs. nuclear in class AP exams: FRQ 2002.1 2004.2 2006.1 2007.2 2008.1 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:20+00:002013-02-05 02:23:20updated6Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:18+00:002013-02-05 02:23:18addTag5adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:12+00:002013-02-05 02:23:12updated4adminadmin2013-02-05 02:21:48+00:002013-02-05 02:21:48updated3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:20:26+00:002013-02-05 02:20:26updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:06:00+00:002013-02-05 02:06:00created1wiki2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360bFalseFeb-May plan/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360b/FebMay_plan.htmladmin6 updatesFeb-May plan 1. conclusion of energy chapters (see previous wiki) 2. GCC AP questions FRQ: 2006.2 2005.3 2005.4 2007.3 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00adminadmin2012-03-07 05:53:55+00:002012-03-07 05:53:55updated14adminadmin2012-03-07 05:43:38+00:002012-03-07 05:43:38updated13adminadmin2012-03-07 05:41:35+00:002012-03-07 05:41:35updated12adminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:57+00:002012-03-07 05:38:57updated11Added tag - hotadminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:55+00:002012-03-07 05:38:55addTag10adminadmin2012-03-07 05:36:47+00:002012-03-07 05:36:47updated9adminadmin2012-03-07 05:22:26+00:002012-03-07 05:22:26updated8adminadmin2012-03-07 05:20:01+00:002012-03-07 05:20:01updated7adminadmin2012-03-07 05:18:58+00:002012-03-07 05:18:58updated6adminadmin2012-03-07 04:58:55+00:002012-03-07 04:58:55updated5adminadmin2012-03-07 04:57:33+00:002012-03-07 04:57:33updated4adminadmin2012-03-07 04:56:53+00:002012-03-07 04:56:53updated3adminadmin2012-03-07 04:54:20+00:002012-03-07 04:54:20updated2First createdadminadmin2012-03-07 04:53:33+00:002012-03-07 04:53:33created1weblog2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030FalseGreen Apple/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030/Green_Apple.htmladmin14 updatesGreen Apple Team, Please watch this video about NYC: Trailer: http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/101_the_green_apple_trailer.html On the server: http://physics.hpa...Falseadmin2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:24+00:002011-09-13 19:08:24updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:22+00:002011-09-13 19:08:22addTag3adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:10+00:002011-09-13 19:08:10updated2First createdadminadmin2011-09-13 19:04:30+00:002011-09-13 19:04:30created1weblog2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecddFalseQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecdd/Questions_for_Wednesday_wiki_adds.htmladmin4 updatesQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds Team, I'd like to try something for class tomorrow: each of you to create a question from chapter 3, and email it to me by this evening (Tuesday). Pl...Falseadmin2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00hot/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/index.rss?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomelist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomeRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdates?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcome0/groups/apenvironmentalscience/sidebar/RecentChangesListmodifiedDateallRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdateswiki/welcomeNo recent changes.reverse5searchlist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/calendar/Upcoming EventsUpcomingEventsListEvents1Getting events…