AP Environmental Science
Energy plan:
1. Energy units, measurement, terms: Watt, Ampere, Volt, kW, kWh
2. Non-renewable energy: oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear
3. Renewable energy: solar thermal, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, tidal, hydro, biomass (e.g. wood)
4. Energy conservation
5. Global sustainability options
List all energy sources you can think of in two columns: renewable and non-renewable
Mod 34-Patterns of energy use
Non-renewable: not in your lifetime (argument made by one senator that nuclear power was renewable every billion years)
Examples: fossil fuel (from fossils), nuclear energy
Energy units: Joules, BTU (British thermal unit), quad = 1 ee 15 BTU or 1.055 EJ (etta Joules)
Worldwide energy use (2015):
Note about even split of coal, natural gas and oil, depending on location, economy, development. Which of these do you think is changing, how and why?
China leads in overall consumption, US in consumption per person (China has 1300 million people, we have about 320 million)
LDC (lesser developed countries) use subsistence energy sources: dung, wood, peat (one reason women in LDC have high cancer rates)
US use (again, this is 5 years ago):
n.b. coal is on the decline, nat gas is increasing ("fracking" or hydraulic fracturing of underground formations)
Almost even 1/4 splits for transport, industrial, commercial and residential-which do you think is changing, how and why?
James Woolsey on Salt 2010: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128127191
Transportation use: 70% oil
Electrical grid: 50% coal, also nat gas, hydro, nuclear (this is rapidly shifting)
-these two are not connected-
Electric vehicles will change these HOW?
(OPEC means Oil producing/exporting countries)
"We have to destroy oil as a strategic commodity" (btw, data exceeded oil in value last year)
Plug in hybrids, efficiency in fossil fuel cars, encourage biofuels (flex fuel, remember Brazil?)
PM particulates, aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene), $100 million in US health costs
point source pollution exemption-crazy!
fossil fuels are portable, potent and there is infrastructure to support it (oil dominance in transportation)
think also of Tesla charging stations-a new infrastructure is emerging
Salt-why Austria/Hungary was so wealthy, one reason we had World War one...
New term: EROEI: energy return on energy investment, e.g. 100 J of coal from 5 J of work would be 20/1 EROEI
Corn ethanol is around one, or slightly less than one, since we use petrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) to grow it...
Comparison of all nonrenewable energy sources:
mJ per passenger kilometer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport
Where would bicycle show up on here?
Electricity is an energy CARRIER not a source.
Here is a typical steam powered electrical plant. You will need to know all these bits and how they work together:
The only thing changed for nuclear, oil, or natural gas NON-TURBINE plants is the heat source...
Module 35: Fossil fuels
Coal:
From dead plants 280-360 million years ago
Evolution: Peat->lignite->bituminous coal->anthracite
Coal formation:
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Know the formation of coal, and the stages: (see above)
Peat: burns barely, Scotland is made of it, more like compacted wood and plants (Heathcliff! Heathcliff! Where are you?)
Lignite: poor quality, usually high sulfur content (see London fog of 1952)
Sub bituminous: better, less sulfur (bitumen = tar)
bituminous: more energy per kg, a bit cleaner, but still lots of heavy metals
anthracite: cleanest, most energy content, lowest sulfur of the bunch
Cool fact: after WWII, Britain was so poor from the war they could only burn lignite, which caused London smog deaths in 1952 with 4,000 dead
Another cool fact: Alaska exports anthracite to Korea and China for steel production since it produces clean, intense heat
Coal is very nasty:
Dangerous mining (look up coal mining deaths in China per year), shaft mining, open pit mining ruins ecosystems
Burning coal releases heavy metals (e.g. mercury, cadmium, zinc), sulfur (e.g. acid rain) and particulates (PM 10, 5 and 2.5, the most toxic)
Coal fly ash (after burning) is toxic (e.g. heavy metals) and is banned for use in construction in EU
Know about the various mining techniques: open pit, shaft, strip and mountaintop removal
Coal to electricity: pay attention to the use of steam:
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Petroleum
Cleaner than coal (lower sulfur, depending on where it comes from-why is some crude oil called "sweet"?)
Drilling for it is hazardous, and hugely damaging to the environment, e.g. ANWR
Some of it is located in toxic geopolitical areas, like the Middle East Video: opening credits of The Kingdom
n.b.
Wahabbis: see Lawrence of Arabia 1918
Ibn Saud: Saudi Arabia 1932
1933 oil discovered
1938 ARAMCO
1945 divided Arabia, palestine with British
1973 arab israeli war, embargo, 4x oil price
1974 embargo ends
1990 Kuwait war
Osama bin laden-formed the Mujahaddeen in Afghanistan (see film: Charlie Wilson's war)
We supported them against the Soviets in 78, boycotted the Olympics that year, then Reagan moved to outspend them after their defeat there
We sold lots of weapons in 1980, trying to outspend the Soviets, who dumped oil on the market
1990+ terrorist attacks Nairobi, Tanzania, USS Cole
2001-World Trade Center 15/19 were Saudis
Al Quada took credit, then took over Euphrates valley
Back to the Wahabbis....
---------1.14.20---------------
Why oil?
Easy to transport
Can be refined into many products from plastic to tar to nat gas, gasoline and kerosene
Basic to agriculture (e.g. nitrogen based fertilizers, pesticides, tractor fuel)
Transportation, military, heating, industrial, electrical
Yikes.
Very important geopolitical implications
Note comparison between diamonds and oil: both are the result of heat and pressure on an organic precursor.
Now think of the salt interview with diamonds instead.
What are "proven reserves"?
primary and secondary extraction (latter uses steam, e.g. tar sands)
Refining oil: also known as "cracking"
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Natural Gas:
Cleanest hydrocarbon fuel so far: low sulfur, no heavy metals, simple CH4 and others:
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
Natural gas: surface decomposition (swamp gas) or subsurface (thermogenic)
Kerogen = source for nat gas and oil
swamp gas = biogenic, also in landfills
Good stuff: cleaner to burn, usually found underground, so less ecosystem damage than coal, does not spill in the ocean
Bad stuff: very flammable, leakage contributes to global warming (methane, CH4 is a very potent greenhouse gas), harder to store and transport, must be kept under pressure and cool
Other stuff
Tar sands: lately in Alberta, Canada, use steam to melt the tar out of sand, almost energy 1:1 (bad), depending on the price of oil
Liquid coal: CTL developed by the Nazis in WWII, as they had coal in Silesia (Eastern Germany, Poland) but not much oil, until they could get to the oil fields in North Africa and the Caspian Sea (after fighting the Russians)
Methane Hydrate: deep oceans, large patch in the Eastern Pacific ocean:
Very dangerous for global warming...
Here's why:
As the ocean warms, these will no longer be "frozen" much like the permafrost, which will cause huge global warming impact...
Carbon capture: not yet, see HEAT movie later on
Hubbert curve: The supply of oil is finite, and those with it don't want to admit how little is left
Look up ARAMCO, and why the Saudi Kingdom is selling all of their oil fields in a huge IPO this week
Peak Oil has already passed, we are now on the back side of this (see poster in the elab):
This has to do with proven reserves and possible reserves...
2004 graph:
Directional drilling: developed and used in Palestine...
Geopolitical trends:
Note peaks and dips, some are due to supply, others to demand (recession)
See also USSR flood of cheap oil to counter Reagan's military spending 1980-88
Key dates in the price of oil globally:
73 oil embargo
78 Iranian revolution (hostages 668 days-Argo)
80-88 Reagan vs. USSR
89 USSR folds
90 Gulf war #1 (Kuwait)
99 recession #1 (dot com bust)
2001 Gulf war #2 (Iraq)
2004 hurricanes
2010 speculation crisis, economic crisis, recession #2
What's with Venezuela?
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/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/index.rss?tag=hotlist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/?tag=hotWhat’s HotHotListHot!?tag=hot6/groups/apenvironmentalscience/sidebar/HotListadminadmin2020-08-19 15:43:59+00:002020-08-19 15:43:59updated30adminadmin2011-09-08 21:36:21+00:002011-09-08 21:36:21updated29adminadmin2011-08-24 23:20:40+00:002011-08-24 23:20:40updated28adminadmin2011-08-24 22:42:36+00:002011-08-24 22:42:36updated27adminadmin2011-08-22 02:41:09+00:002011-08-22 02:41:09updated26adminadmin2011-08-22 02:40:02+00:002011-08-22 02:40:02updated25adminadmin2011-08-21 20:39:11+00:002011-08-21 20:39:11updated24adminadmin2011-08-21 20:30:42+00:002011-08-21 20:30:42updated23adminadmin2011-08-21 20:30:13+00:002011-08-21 20:30:13updated22adminadmin2011-08-21 20:25:48+00:002011-08-21 20:25:48updated21adminadmin2011-08-21 20:25:18+00:002011-08-21 20:25:18updated20adminadmin2011-08-21 00:22:12+00:002011-08-21 00:22:12updated19adminadmin2011-08-21 00:18:56+00:002011-08-21 00:18:56updated18adminadmin2011-08-21 00:15:43+00:002011-08-21 00:15:43updated17adminadmin2011-08-21 00:12:37+00:002011-08-21 00:12:37updated16adminadmin2011-08-21 00:12:02+00:002011-08-21 00:12:02updated15adminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:41+00:002011-08-20 23:59:41updated14Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:38+00:002011-08-20 23:59:38addTag13Added tag - conservationadminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:32+00:002011-08-20 23:59:32addTag12Added tag - critical thinkingadminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:19+00:002011-08-20 23:59:19addTag11Added tag - ch1adminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:08+00:002011-08-20 23:59:08addTag10Added tag - sustainabilityadminadmin2011-08-20 23:59:05+00:002011-08-20 23:59:05addTag9adminadmin2011-08-20 20:47:39+00:002011-08-20 20:47:39updated8adminadmin2011-08-20 20:46:15+00:002011-08-20 20:46:15updated7adminadmin2011-08-20 20:43:07+00:002011-08-20 20:43:07updated6adminadmin2011-08-20 19:14:13+00:002011-08-20 19:14:13updated5adminadmin2011-08-20 19:11:26+00:002011-08-20 19:11:26updated4adminadmin2011-08-20 18:59:57+00:002011-08-20 18:59:57updated3adminadmin2011-08-20 18:56:59+00:002011-08-20 18:56:59updated2First createdadminadmin2010-11-07 01:41:28+00:002010-11-07 01:41:28created1wiki2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/welcomeFalseCh01 Overview/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/welcome/Ch01_Overview.htmladmin30 updatesCh01 Overview
Welcome to our APES wiki. You should be able to do the following after logging in with your account:
To create a new page, click the ...Falseadmin2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:03+00:002013-02-05 02:24:03updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:02+00:002013-02-05 02:24:02addTag3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:05:35+00:002013-02-05 02:05:35updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:03:35+00:002013-02-05 02:03:35created1wiki2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8FalseEnergy notes/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8/Energy_notes.htmladmin4 updatesEnergy notes
Week of 2.4.13: energy wrap-up
e2 video: coal vs. nuclear in class
AP exams: FRQ
2002.1
2004.2
2006.1
2007.2
2008.1
...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:20+00:002013-02-05 02:23:20updated6Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:18+00:002013-02-05 02:23:18addTag5adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:12+00:002013-02-05 02:23:12updated4adminadmin2013-02-05 02:21:48+00:002013-02-05 02:21:48updated3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:20:26+00:002013-02-05 02:20:26updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:06:00+00:002013-02-05 02:06:00created1wiki2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360bFalseFeb-May plan/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360b/FebMay_plan.htmladmin6 updatesFeb-May plan
1. conclusion of energy chapters (see previous wiki)
2. GCC AP questions FRQ:
2006.2
2005.3
2005.4
2007.3
...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00adminadmin2012-03-07 05:53:55+00:002012-03-07 05:53:55updated14adminadmin2012-03-07 05:43:38+00:002012-03-07 05:43:38updated13adminadmin2012-03-07 05:41:35+00:002012-03-07 05:41:35updated12adminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:57+00:002012-03-07 05:38:57updated11Added tag - hotadminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:55+00:002012-03-07 05:38:55addTag10adminadmin2012-03-07 05:36:47+00:002012-03-07 05:36:47updated9adminadmin2012-03-07 05:22:26+00:002012-03-07 05:22:26updated8adminadmin2012-03-07 05:20:01+00:002012-03-07 05:20:01updated7adminadmin2012-03-07 05:18:58+00:002012-03-07 05:18:58updated6adminadmin2012-03-07 04:58:55+00:002012-03-07 04:58:55updated5adminadmin2012-03-07 04:57:33+00:002012-03-07 04:57:33updated4adminadmin2012-03-07 04:56:53+00:002012-03-07 04:56:53updated3adminadmin2012-03-07 04:54:20+00:002012-03-07 04:54:20updated2First createdadminadmin2012-03-07 04:53:33+00:002012-03-07 04:53:33created1weblog2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030FalseGreen Apple/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030/Green_Apple.htmladmin14 updatesGreen Apple
Team,
Please watch this video about NYC:
Trailer:
http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/101_the_green_apple_trailer.html
On the server:
http://physics.hpa...Falseadmin2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:24+00:002011-09-13 19:08:24updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:22+00:002011-09-13 19:08:22addTag3adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:10+00:002011-09-13 19:08:10updated2First createdadminadmin2011-09-13 19:04:30+00:002011-09-13 19:04:30created1weblog2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecddFalseQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecdd/Questions_for_Wednesday_wiki_adds.htmladmin4 updatesQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds
Team,
I'd like to try something for class tomorrow: each of you to create a question from chapter 3, and email it to me by this evening (Tuesday). Pl...Falseadmin2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00hot/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/index.rss?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomelist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomeRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdates?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcome0/groups/apenvironmentalscience/sidebar/RecentChangesListmodifiedDateallRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdateswiki/welcomeNo recent changes.reverse5searchlist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/calendar/Upcoming EventsUpcomingEventsListEvents1Getting events…
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