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    Chapter 14: Water Pollution

    quiz 11.9.19
    1. based only on sifting percentages, which sample would have the highest and lowest percolation time?
    2. Which did have the highest and lowest percolation time?
    3. Why might a sample have a water retention not based solely on sifting percentages?
    4. Why are some of the soils acidic, and why is this an evolutionary advantage?

    Water Pollution-Ch. 14 F/R
    Big ideas:
    1. Rivers are continuous, so easier to find sources along the route (continuity analysis: all sources add to total)
    2. Groundwater is harder to determine point sources, as flow is over larger area (not confined by river banks) and there is no continuity analysis possible (we don't know sources and sinks)
    3. Oceans are the hardest to trace, and impact everyone eventually

    Surface water impairment:




    Module 41-Humans and livestock
    Point source vs. non-point source Legal liability? Tracking? How is this different in oil spills?
    BOD: impacted by anything that will decompose aerobically


    Dead zones: low DO levels (via BOD or thermal pollution)
    Eutrophication: too much food (nutrients)
    Cultural Eutrophication: anthropogenic
    Pathogens: cholera and hepatitis (esp. after disasters)
    Explain cholera mechanism: intestinal, shock dehydration, cure for infants: salt and sugar water
    Fecal Coliform: e. coli from humans, used as an indicator species (see recent rains here)

    Septic systems:
    Septic tank: septage into leach field (elab into the trees)
    Cesspool: deeper, raw sewage leaks into groundwater/ocean (e.g. puako)



    Wastewater treatment:
    Primary: sedimentation tanks
    Secondary: bacterial breakdown
    Tertiary: chemical breakdown (chlorine, ozone-only ozone kills viruses)




    Module 42-Heavy metals and chemicals
    Lead-heavy metal, damages brain, nervous system and kidneys, can be chelated from body using EDTA:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy

    Arsenic (e.g. ant poison, mystery novel poison), found in well water in E. India/Bangladesh:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning
    Often found where mining occurs:
    n.b. no arsenic in Hawaii (why not?)

    Mercury-organic Methyl Mercury and inorganic (thermometers) "elemental mercury"
    Burning coal, gold refining, mining, battery production (Minamata: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning
    Limits to large fish consumption in pregnant women
    "mad as a hatter" Milliners

    Acid deposition:
    Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O)
    "acid snow" and acid rain
    also runoff into streams

    Synthetics:
    Pesticides with long decay rates (e.g. DDT)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT

    Hormones and drugs:
    Endocrine disrupters, not cleared by municipal water treatment systems

    Perchlorates:
    From rocket fuels (solid rockets, boosters)

    PCB: Poly chlorinated biphenyls (recall the orcas from "poisoned waters"), fat soluble, bioaccumulation in orcas, used as an insulating fluid in transformers (n.b. fire departments use hazmat suits when a transformer catches fire)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzbQjd_Oo4Q
    PBDE: poly brominated diphenyl ethers-brain damage (TRIS in children's clothing as flame retardant)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers

    POP: persistent organic pollutants

    Module 43: oil pollution
    Slow to decompose, settles to bottom of ocean, e.g. Exxon Valdez (captain was drunk on duty) and BP oil spill in Gulf of Mexico ("Deepwater Horizon")
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill
    Oil plumes to 3000' deep in ocean
    Damage to fisheries, beaches and corals/seabed animals

    Module 44: solid, thermal and noise pollution
    Flotsam=floating stuff, jetsam=thrown (jettisoned) stuff
    Garbage patch in pacific: pacific gyre
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch

    thermal pollution: usually associated with power plants (30% efficient, so 1000 mW power plant spews 2000mW of heat into water system)
    Decreases DO levels, also thermal shock to smaller organisms

    Noise pollution: serious threat to animals and humans
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution
    notice health impacts
    dB (decibel scale): 210 dB = Saturn V rocket blastoff, 0 dB = anechoic chamber
    >100 dB causes permanent hearing damage (ringing in the ears=dead cilia in cochlea)

    Module 45: water pollution laws
    Clean Water Act (CWA) 1972-protection and propagation of fish, shellfish and wildlife. Maintain and restore chemical, physical and biological props. of surface waters (n.b. not aquifers, n.b. economic impact of violations, externalized costs)



    Safe Water drinking act (SWDA) 1974-EPA (formed under Nixon) est. max contaminant levels (MCL) (see list)











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You should be able to do the following after logging in with your account: To create a new page, click the ...Falseadmin2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:03+00:002013-02-05 02:24:03updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:02+00:002013-02-05 02:24:02addTag3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:05:35+00:002013-02-05 02:05:35updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:03:35+00:002013-02-05 02:03:35created1wiki2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8FalseEnergy notes/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8/Energy_notes.htmladmin4 updatesEnergy notes Week of 2.4.13: energy wrap-up e2 video: coal vs. nuclear in class AP exams: FRQ 2002.1 2004.2 2006.1 2007.2 2008.1 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:20+00:002013-02-05 02:23:20updated6Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:18+00:002013-02-05 02:23:18addTag5adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:12+00:002013-02-05 02:23:12updated4adminadmin2013-02-05 02:21:48+00:002013-02-05 02:21:48updated3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:20:26+00:002013-02-05 02:20:26updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:06:00+00:002013-02-05 02:06:00created1wiki2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360bFalseFeb-May plan/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360b/FebMay_plan.htmladmin6 updatesFeb-May plan 1. conclusion of energy chapters (see previous wiki) 2. GCC AP questions FRQ: 2006.2 2005.3 2005.4 2007.3 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00adminadmin2012-03-07 05:53:55+00:002012-03-07 05:53:55updated14adminadmin2012-03-07 05:43:38+00:002012-03-07 05:43:38updated13adminadmin2012-03-07 05:41:35+00:002012-03-07 05:41:35updated12adminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:57+00:002012-03-07 05:38:57updated11Added tag - hotadminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:55+00:002012-03-07 05:38:55addTag10adminadmin2012-03-07 05:36:47+00:002012-03-07 05:36:47updated9adminadmin2012-03-07 05:22:26+00:002012-03-07 05:22:26updated8adminadmin2012-03-07 05:20:01+00:002012-03-07 05:20:01updated7adminadmin2012-03-07 05:18:58+00:002012-03-07 05:18:58updated6adminadmin2012-03-07 04:58:55+00:002012-03-07 04:58:55updated5adminadmin2012-03-07 04:57:33+00:002012-03-07 04:57:33updated4adminadmin2012-03-07 04:56:53+00:002012-03-07 04:56:53updated3adminadmin2012-03-07 04:54:20+00:002012-03-07 04:54:20updated2First createdadminadmin2012-03-07 04:53:33+00:002012-03-07 04:53:33created1weblog2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030FalseGreen Apple/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030/Green_Apple.htmladmin14 updatesGreen Apple Team, Please watch this video about NYC: Trailer: http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/101_the_green_apple_trailer.html On the server: http://physics.hpa...Falseadmin2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:24+00:002011-09-13 19:08:24updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:22+00:002011-09-13 19:08:22addTag3adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:10+00:002011-09-13 19:08:10updated2First createdadminadmin2011-09-13 19:04:30+00:002011-09-13 19:04:30created1weblog2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecddFalseQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecdd/Questions_for_Wednesday_wiki_adds.htmladmin4 updatesQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds Team, I'd like to try something for class tomorrow: each of you to create a question from chapter 3, and email it to me by this evening (Tuesday). 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