Chapter 1: Introduction
Why We Wrote This Book
Guaranteed Not
To Rust, Bust, or Collect Dust
Audience and Scope
Cisco Certifications
The NAX Certification
Program
Organization
Our Web Site
Chapter 2: Troubleshooting Methods
Challenges in Today's Networking Environment
Using a Systematic Troubleshooting Method
Using the OSI
Model For Troubleshooting
Generic Problem-Solving
Models
Fundamental
Network Troubleshooting Considerations
Cisco's Troubleshooting
Method
Define
the Problem
Gather
Facts
Consider
Possibilities
Create
an Action Plan
Implement
the Action Plan and Observe the Results
Document
the Results
Proactive Troubleshooting and Baselining
Documenting Your
Network
Documenting
Network Names and Addresses
Tools
for Network Documentation
Documenting
Switched Networks
CDP
Protocol Analysis
WildPackets
Protocol Analyzers
Using
a Protocol Analyzer in a Switched Network
Understanding
Network Traffic
Reliable
Versus Unreliable Protocols
Terminal/Host
Traffic
Peer-to-Peer
Traffic
Client/Server
Traffic
Server-to-Server
Traffic
Distributed
Computing Traffic
Statistical Monitoring
SNMP
and RMON
WildPackets
Statistical Tools
Simulation and
Modeling
Active and Reactive Troubleshooting
Tools for Troubleshooting
the Physical Layer
Tools for Troubleshooting
Above the Physical Layer
Ping
Trace-Route
Other Troubleshooting
Commands
Cisco
IOS Show Commands
Cisco
IOS Debug Commands
Summary
Chapter 3: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Ethernet Networks
Ethernet History and Architecture
Ethernet Topologies
Ethernet Physical Layer
Protocol Analyzers
and Ethernet Media
Signal Encoding
Manchester
Encoding
MLT-3
Encoding
Other
Signal Encoding Methods on Ethernet Networks
Clock Synchronization
Ethernet MAC Layer
Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection
Collision Domains
Bit
Length and Measurement of a Collision Domain
Collision
Domains in 100-Mbps Ethernet
Collisions
on Networks with Hubs and Switches
Full-Duplex Operations
Full-Duplex
Protocol Analysis
Autonegotiation
Advantages
and Disadvantages of Autonegotiation
Flow
Control on Full Duplex Links
Enhancements to
Ethernet Media Access Control for Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Frames
Fields in an Ethernet
II or IEEE 802.3 Frame Header
Destination
Address
Source
Address
Length
or EtherType
Protocol
Identifiers
LLC
Frame Formats
LLC
Type 1 Frame Format
LLC
Type 2 Frame Format
SNAP
Ethernet
or IEEE 802.3 Frame Footer
Ethernet Frame Sizes
Configuring
and Troubleshooting Ethernet Frame Sizes
Maximum
Transmission Unit
Tunneling
and Frame Lengths
VLAN
Tagging and Baby Giants
Collecting and Understanding Ethernet
Performance Data
RMON
The Cisco Show
Interface Ethernet Command
Bandwidth
Delay
Utilization
Reliability
Collision
Rate
Frame Corruption
Broadcast and
Multicast Rates
Cisco's
Broadcast Suppression Feature
Summary
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting and Analyzing IEEE 802.11 Wireless
Networks
Chapter Scope and Depth
Things That Are
Beyond the Scope of This Chapter
A Primer on Wireless Networking
Wireless Networking
Fundamentals
What Is a Wireless
Network?
The Challenge
of Wireless Network Design
Protocol Analysis
in Wireless Networks
Wireless Networking Technologies
Narrowband Radio
Transmission (Radio LAN)
FHSS
DSSS
IR
Bluetooth and
the Personal Area Network (PAN)
Conflicts
between Bluetooth and 802.11 Networks
Other Wireless
Standards
Organization of the WLAN Environment
The BSS
The ESS
The TSF
Station Initialization Behavior
Channel Selection
Authentication
Association to
the BSS
Analysis of the
Initialization Process
Packet
Acknowledgment
802.11 Media Access Control
Interframe Spacing
The Network Allocation
Vector
The Request to
Send/Clear to Send Mechanism
Synopsis of the
802.11 Environment
RF Transmission
Frequency Allocation
Mathematics for
RF Engineering
The
Decibel Unit of Measurement
A
Synopsis without Any Complicated Math
Understanding
Decibels
Important
Things to Remember about Decibels
Specifications
Involving Gain or Loss
The
Decibel-Milliwatt
Relationships
between Metrics
The
Wonder of Logarithmic Calculations
Applying
the Principle of Logarithmic Subtraction
Concluding
Thoughts on Logarithmic Subtraction
Application of
dB and dBm Measurements
Free
Space Propagation
Multiplying
Logarithms Is Like Exponentiation
Free
Space Path Loss Conclusions
Environmental Factors that Affect 802.11
Transmission
Reflection
Absorption
Refraction
Diffraction
Concepts for Site Survey Troubleshooting
Clear Channel
Power Assessment
Limitations on
RF Signal Transmission
Shannon's Channel
Capacity Theorem
Gaussian Noise
Multipath Transmission
Real-World Path
Loss
Calculating
Real-World Path Loss
Antenna Positioning
for Maximum Coverage
Protocol Analyzer
Reporting of Signal Strength
Determining the Significance of Vendor
Specifications
Output Power
Receiver Sensitivity
The Impact of Environmental Noise
Network Utilization
Signal Strength,
Bad Packets, and Network Utilization
Checksum
Errors
Site Survey Techniques for WLAN Troubleshooting
Estimating Effective
Range
AP Placement Considerations
Troubleshooting Network Design Problems
Large Packets
and Collisions
Numerous Simultaneous
Users and Collisions
Practical
Limits on User Community Size
Configuration
Settings
IP
Address
ESSID
Fragmentation
Threshold
RTS
Threshold
Authentication
Type
WEP
Key and Passphrase
Understanding the 802.11 Packet Decode
Version
Type and Subtype
One-Bit Fields
Duration
BSSID
Source
Destination
Receiver
Transmitter
Seq. Number
Frag. Number
Summary
Chapter 5: Troubleshooting and Analyzing the Spanning Tree
Protocol
Poetic Interoperations
Transparent Bridging
Bridging Tasks
Bridging Loops
STP Behavior
BPDUs
Protocol
Analysis of BPDUs
Flags
Bridge
IDs
Cost
of Path to Root
Port
ID
Message
Age
Maximum
Age
Hello
Time
Forward
Delay
STP Convergence
Electing
the Root Bridge
Electing
Root Ports
Electing
Designated Ports
Selecting
Bridge Ports for the Spanning Tree
Port
States
The
Topology Change Process
Bridging
Table Timeout
Proactive Troubleshooting of STP
Documenting Your
Switched Network
Monitoring STP
Logging
STP Events on Cisco Switches
Logging
STP Events on Cisco Routers
Reactive Troubleshooting of STP
One-Way Connectivity
Reducing Startup
Delay on Cisco Switch Ports
Cisco's
Portfast Feature
Optimizing Spanning Tree Implementations
Uplink Fast and
Backbone Fast
Load Sharing
Selecting the
Root Bridge Deterministically
Configuring
Bridge Priority
Root
Guard
Summary
Chapter 6: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Virtual LANs
VLAN Frameworks
VLAN Definitions
VLANs
and Non-VLANs
The Design of
a VLAN
Interconnected
Switches
Protocol Analysis
in a VLAN Environment
VLAN Memberships
Configuring VLANs
Assigning a VTP
Domain
Creating a VLAN
Assigning Ports
to VLANs
Verifying VLAN
Configuration
VLAN Trunks
ISL and 802.1Q
Comparison
Routers and VLAN
Trunks
Cisco's ISL
Dynamic
Inter-Switch Link Protocol
DISL
Frames
IEEE 802.1Q
Configuring
802.1Q
Per-VLAN Spanning
Trees
Troubleshooting
Cisco's VTP
VTP
Names and Passwords
VTP
Pruning
Analyzing
and Monitoring VTP
Summary
Chapter 7: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Campus IP Networks
TCP/IP History
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack
IP
IP Protocol Analysis
The
IP Type of Service or DS Field
The
IP Precedence Subfield
The
IP Type of Service Subfield
The
DS Subfield
IP
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Flags
Fragment
Offset
Identification
Monitoring
and Troubleshooting Fragmentation and Reassembly
IP
TTL
The
IP Protocol Field
IP
Options
IP
Source Routing
IP
Record-Route
IP Addressing
Moving the Prefix
Boundary to the Right (Subnetting)
Claude
Shannon and Boolean Logic
Moving the Prefix
Boundary to the Left (Supernetting)
ARP
Proxy
ARP
Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
DHCP
DHCP
and Routers
Monitoring
and Troubleshooting DHCP
Private IP Addresses
NAT
Monitoring
and Troubleshooting NAT
IP Multicast Addresses
IGMP
Multicast
Routing Protocols
IPv6
IPv6 Protocol
Analysis
IPv6
Extensions
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Summary
Chapter 8: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Campus IP Routing
Protocols
Host Routing
HSRP
Monitoring and
Troubleshooting Host Routing
Static and Default Routing
Monitoring and
Troubleshooting Static and Default Routes
Dynamic Routing
Distance-Vector
versus Link-State Routing
Distance-Vector
Routing Protocols
Advanced
Features of Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
Link-State
Routing Protocols
Using Multiple
Routing Protocols
Integrated
Routing and Bridging
General Comments on Troubleshooting IP
Routing
Sample Network Used in Protocol Analysis
Examples
RIP
RIP Protocol Analysis
RIP Timers
RIPv2
Cisco Show and
Debug Commands for RIP
IGRP
IGRP Protocol
Analysis
IGRP Triggered
Updates and Poison Reverse
Cisco Show and
Debug Commands for IGRP
EIGRP
EIGRP Protocol
Analysis
EIGRP
Queries
EIGRP
Routes Stuck in Active
Cisco Show and
Debug Commands for EIGRP
OSPF
OSPF Network Architectures
OSPF Protocol
Analysis
Building
an Adjacency
Cisco Show and
Debug Commands for OSPF
BGP
BGP Protocol Analysis
Cisco Show and
Debug Commands for BGP
Summary
Chapter 9: Troubleshooting and Analyzing TCP, UDP, and Upper-Layer
IP Protocols
Upper-Layer IP Protocol Analysis
TCP
TCP Protocol Analysis
TCP
Port Numbers
TCP
Connection Establishment
TCP
Reliable Delivery and Flow Control
TCP
Delayed Acknowledgments
TCP
Slow Start
TCP
Window Size Analysis
The
Sender Does Not Approach the Receiver's Capacity
The
Sender Begins to Approach the Receiver's Capacity
The
Sender Overloads the Receiver's Capacity
Zero
Window at Conversation Start
The
Stuck Window Situation
Identifying
TCP Performance Problems
TCP
Poetry
TCP
Connection Termination
TCP
Checksum
UDP
UDP Protocol Analysis
UDP
Port Numbers
Application-Layer Protocols
DNS
DNS
Protocol Analysis
SLP
HTTP
HTTP
Proxy Servers
HTTP
Protocol Analysis
HTTP
Advanced Commands
HTTP
Replies
FTP
FTP
File Types and Structures
FTP
Protocol Analysis
FTP
Commands
FTP
Replies
FTP
Active versus Passive Mode
FTP
Active Mode
FTP
Passive Mode
Protocols for
Electronic Mail
SMTP
Protocol Analysis
SMTP
Replies
POP3
Protocol Analysis
Summary
Chapter 10: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Campus IPX Networks
Novell NetWare Concepts
IPX Addressing
IPX Packets
Ethernet
Frames in IPX Environments
Configuring
Multiple IPX Ethernet Frame Types on Cisco Routers
NCP
Watchdog Spoofing
IPX SAP
SAP Filters
Get Nearest Server
Cisco
Routers and Get Nearest Server
IPX Routing
IPX RIP
EIGRP for IPX
NLSP
IPX Networks in Transition
Troubleshooting IPX
Applying Your
Protocol Analyzer
IPX Ping and Trace
Show IPX Route
Show IPX Servers
Show IPX Interface
Show IPX Traffic
Show IPX EIGRP
Show IPX NLSP
Debug IPX Packet
Debug IPX Routing
Debug IPX SAP
Summary
Chapter 11: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Campus AppleTalk
Networks
AppleTalk Concepts
AppleTalk Architectures
AppleTalk
Layering
AppleTalk
and the OSI Reference Model
AppleTalk Addressing
AppleTalk
Addresses on a Cisco Router
AARP
Dynamic
Addressing
Discovery
Mode
DDP
NBP
AFP
AFP
over TCP
AppleTalk Routing
RTMP
End-Node
Routing
ZIP
AURP
EIGRP for AppleTalk
Controlling AppleTalk Traffic
Static Routes
AppleTalk Access
Lists
Filtering
Cable Ranges
Filtering
Zones
Macintosh Networks in Transition
Mac OS X
WebDAV
SLP
Mac
OS X Initialization Traffic
Mac OS X Server
Network Management Tools
Troubleshooting AppleTalk
AppleTalk Ping
(Echo)
Cisco AppleTalk
NBP Testing
Cisco IOS Show
Commands for AppleTalk
Cisco IOS Debug
Commands for AppleTalk
Summary
Chapter 12: Troubleshooting and Analyzing Windows Networking
Windows Networking Concepts
The NetBIOS Basis for Windows Networking
The History of
NetBIOS
NetBIOS Function
Calls
The Importance
of NetBIOS
NetBIOS Consistency
across Different Implementations
NetBIOS Naming
Conventions
Qualifier
Byte = 0x00
Qualifier
Byte = 0x03
Qualifier
Byte = 0x05
Qualifier
Byte = 0x06
Qualifier
Byte = 0x1B
Qualifier
Byte = 0x1C
Qualifier
Byte = 0x1D
Qualifier
Byte = 0x1E
Qualifier
Byte = 0x1F
Qualifier
Byte = 0x20
Qualifier
Byte = 0x21
The
0x0102_MSBROWSE_0x0201 Name
The Significance
of NetBIOS Naming
NetBIOS Implementation
Differences
A
WINS Query Carried on UDP
A
TCP NetBIOS Session Setup Request
TCP
NetBIOS Data
NetBEUI
Data Exchange (A Browse Packet)
IPX
Name Query
Concluding
Thoughts on NetBIOS Terminology
NetBIOS Name Management
Mechanisms
Name
Registration
NetBEUI
TCP
IPX
Name
Resolution
NetBEUI
TCP
IPX
Name
Refresh
Name
Release
Management
of NetBIOS Names with NetBIOS/TCP
Node
Type Behavior
Troubleshooting
NetBIOS Naming Problems
NetBIOS Data Movement
Session
Behavior with NetBIOS/TCP
Reliable
Data Transport with NetBIOS
The Workgroup Model and the Domain Model
Analysis of a
Workgroup Authentication Operation
Authentication
in the Windows NT Domain Model
NT Registry Parameters
Controlling Replication
The Browse Protocol
Maintaining
the Browse List
Browsing
with Multiple Protocols
The Windows 2000 Model
Summary
Chapter 13: WAN Troubleshooting for LAN Engineers
WAN Concepts
WAN Standards
Understanding
WANs from a LAN Management Perspective
WAN Components
End-to-End WAN
Considerations
Troubleshooting
WANs from a LAN Perspective
WANs
and Retransmissions
Troubleshooting
WANs from a Router Interface Perspective
Provisioning WAN
Capacity
WAN Technologies
Leased Lines
HDLC
Troubleshooting
Cisco's HDLC Implementation
PPP
Troubleshooting
PPP
Frame Relay
Frame
Relay Virtual Circuits
Frame
Relay Congestion Control
Frame
Relay Inverse ARP
Frame
Relay LMI
Troubleshooting
Frame Relay
Frame
Relay Debug Commands
ISDN
ISDN
Layer 1
ISDN
Layer 2
ISDN
Layer 3
Troubleshooting
ISDN BRI Problems
ATM
ATM
Virtual Circuits and Adaptation Layers
Mapping
a Protocol Address to an ATM PVC
ATM
QoS Specifications
CBR
rt-VBR
nrt-VBR
UBR
ABR
Troubleshooting
ATM
Chapter and Book Summary
References
Back to the Troubleshooting Campus Networks home page.
Copyright © Priscilla Oppenheimer.
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