AP Environmental Science
HistoryEdited Sep 8, 2011 11:34 AM by admin…

Ch02 Overview: systems

Download file "unit2 systems.rtfd.zip"

apes unit 2: systems

Chapter test:


Download file "Unit two: cycles and flows.pdf"

Chapter link:

http://physics.hpa.edu/physics/apenvsci/cc15/ch02.pdf

Notes:

Arcata as an ecosystem

closed/open systems

throughput: total in and out


pos feedback: disturbance gets greater

neg feedback: stability restored (equilibrium, homeostasis: same state)

Ship example: cm over cb, = not stable, cb over cm = stable


n.b. fig 2.3: keep in mind eutrophication

resilience: ability to withstand small perturbations

emergent systems: greater than the sum of the separate parts


matter: space and mass

cons of matter

elements: atom (no cuts)

atomic number

atomic mass

isotopes

n,p,e

mainly empty space (stadium example)


elements

compounds


ionic: electrons traded (e.g. salt, high mp, conducts electricity)

covalent: shared electrons (e.g. plastic, butter, low mp, insulation)


bonds: stored energy

breaking bonds takes energy, forming releases energy:

burning wood: many smaller bonds formed (CO2), releases energy


OILRIG: oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain


Periodic table: stability, ions: cations and anions


Acids and bases: acids donate H+ (proton donor), bases accept H+ (proton acceptor)

Many definitions of acids and bases…


Common acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4

Common bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2


pH scale: 7 neutral

pH = log10 [H+] see examples


n.b. water planet section:

Polar covalent: universal solvent

Liquid at 0-100°C

cohesion and adhesion, t.f. capillary action

expands when it freezes, t.f. solid is less dense than liquid, floats: preserves life over winters (4°C rule)

540 cal/g Qv, useful for heat transfer (sweating, evaporation)

c = 1.00 cal/g°C, very high specific heat, ability to stabilize heat energy, act as storage (thermal inertia)


Organic compounds: contain carbon

Bio-organics: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids


lipids: CH chains, not water soluble, see also glycol backbones

all single bonds (fully saturated with H), easy to fit together, hard to break (melt), so these are solids (fats)

some double bonds (unsaturated), easier to melt, these are oils


carbohydrates: CH chains with OH replacements, water soluble

simple chains are called sugars, complex chains are starches, see also glycol backbones, triglycerides


proteins: CHO + N

all hormones, most structures, elements of nucleotides


Nucleotides: PO4 group + protein (CHON) + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

only four proteins used in DNA: A = adenine, C = cytosine, G = guanine, T = tyrosine

C+G T+A elegant pairs


Cellular terms:

Phospholipid bilayer: lipids, proteins, channels, gateways, pumps


mitochondria: O2 metabolism


Nutrients: NPK

NItrates NO3

Phosphates PO4

K (potassium, potash = K2O)


Energy:

kinetic-motion (kinesias) 1/2mv2

potential-usually gravitational potential energy (ugh)

chemical energy-usually bonds, ability to be metabolized (oxidized)


Heat: thermal energy

calories, 1 cal = 4.18 joules

Heat always moves from hot to cold, harnessing this motion is called a heat engine (auto, hurricane)

To move heat uphill, this requires energy (air conditioner)


High quality energy: concentrated (e.g. oil)

Low quality energy: diffuse (e.g. wind, ocean thermal)


Thermodynamics: physics version

1. you can't win

2. you can't break even

3. you can't get out of the game


Bio versions of these:

1. all energy is conserved, may be transformed, but never lost or created

2. each transaction produces an energy tax: no reaction is 100% efficient, and all reactions tend towards disorder (entropy) and the low quality heat death of the universe


Most heat engines (autos, humans) are about 30-40% efficient. Most is the diesel engine at about 60%


Solar energy direct to plants: photosynthesis (primary producer)

exception: thermal energy is chemosynthesis (sulfur ports, submarine nuclear reactors)


Above 40°C most proteins are denatured (break apart), so enzymes are needed (catalysts)

Enzymes reduce activation energy (threshold) of reactions

Every 10°C increase or decrease in temp doubles/halves the reaction rate (e.g. fever)


Photosynthesis

about 1500 W/m2 arrives on planet, some reflected by clouds, dust, atmosphere

remaining energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other -phylls. chlorophyll is mainly red and blue (looks green as a result)

Fall = chlorophyll activity decreases, remaining -phylls are still active (carotenes, xanthophylls, etc.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis







n.b. light dependent reactions (chlorophylls in the chloroplasts)

enzymes split water into H and O, releasing the oxygen, create ATP and NADPH (high energy molecules)

another set of enzymes combine carbon from CO2 to form sugars.




Plant photosynthesis


Reverse reaction happens at night, so plants don't die when the sun sets (cellular respiration):









Recall that Maui onions are sweet: lots of sunlight in the daytime, onions store sugar. Nights are cool, slowing metabolism, so the sugar builds up (they store more than they use at night). Result: sweet onions


Species: Same kind, genetically similar so they can breed


Population: same species same place, same time

Many species populations make up a community

Communities make up an ecosystem


productivity = amount of biomass produced

low NPP (net primary productivity) in an ecosystem could be due to many detritovores decomposing the biomass


Food webs: complex inter-relationships between organisms that are sustainable, stable and cooperative


Trophic (food) levels:

Primary producers: plants

Primary consumers: eat plants

Secondary consumers: eat the plant eaters (carnivores)

Tertiary consumers: apex predators


See also scavengers, detritovores


Pyramids: 10% of energy passes to next higher level (meat eaters only get 1/100 of original energy, or less, depending on the primary sources)










Cycles

Water cycle: (yes, there is more)

Most water is stored in the oceans (duh)




Carbon cycle:

sources and sinks

most is stored as CO3 in rocks, or in the oceans

remember: solids are much denser than liquids




Nitrogen Cycle: Most stored in the air (nitrogen gas)



Phosphorus Cycle:

stored in rocks




Sulfur cycle:

Most as rocks (pyrite and gypsum=drywall)




















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You should be able to do the following after logging in with your account: To create a new page, click the ...Falseadmin2020-08-19T15:43:59+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:03+00:002013-02-05 02:24:03updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:24:02+00:002013-02-05 02:24:02addTag3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:05:35+00:002013-02-05 02:05:35updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:03:35+00:002013-02-05 02:03:35created1wiki2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8FalseEnergy notes/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/394a8/Energy_notes.htmladmin4 updatesEnergy notes Week of 2.4.13: energy wrap-up e2 video: coal vs. nuclear in class AP exams: FRQ 2002.1 2004.2 2006.1 2007.2 2008.1 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:24:03+00:00adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:20+00:002013-02-05 02:23:20updated6Added tag - hotadminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:18+00:002013-02-05 02:23:18addTag5adminadmin2013-02-05 02:23:12+00:002013-02-05 02:23:12updated4adminadmin2013-02-05 02:21:48+00:002013-02-05 02:21:48updated3adminadmin2013-02-05 02:20:26+00:002013-02-05 02:20:26updated2First createdadminadmin2013-02-05 02:06:00+00:002013-02-05 02:06:00created1wiki2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360bFalseFeb-May plan/groups/apenvironmentalscience/wiki/c360b/FebMay_plan.htmladmin6 updatesFeb-May plan 1. conclusion of energy chapters (see previous wiki) 2. GCC AP questions FRQ: 2006.2 2005.3 2005.4 2007.3 ...Falseadmin2013-02-05T02:23:20+00:00adminadmin2012-03-07 05:53:55+00:002012-03-07 05:53:55updated14adminadmin2012-03-07 05:43:38+00:002012-03-07 05:43:38updated13adminadmin2012-03-07 05:41:35+00:002012-03-07 05:41:35updated12adminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:57+00:002012-03-07 05:38:57updated11Added tag - hotadminadmin2012-03-07 05:38:55+00:002012-03-07 05:38:55addTag10adminadmin2012-03-07 05:36:47+00:002012-03-07 05:36:47updated9adminadmin2012-03-07 05:22:26+00:002012-03-07 05:22:26updated8adminadmin2012-03-07 05:20:01+00:002012-03-07 05:20:01updated7adminadmin2012-03-07 05:18:58+00:002012-03-07 05:18:58updated6adminadmin2012-03-07 04:58:55+00:002012-03-07 04:58:55updated5adminadmin2012-03-07 04:57:33+00:002012-03-07 04:57:33updated4adminadmin2012-03-07 04:56:53+00:002012-03-07 04:56:53updated3adminadmin2012-03-07 04:54:20+00:002012-03-07 04:54:20updated2First createdadminadmin2012-03-07 04:53:33+00:002012-03-07 04:53:33created1weblog2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030FalseGreen Apple/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/de030/Green_Apple.htmladmin14 updatesGreen Apple Team, Please watch this video about NYC: Trailer: http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/101_the_green_apple_trailer.html On the server: http://physics.hpa...Falseadmin2012-03-07T05:53:55+00:00adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:24+00:002011-09-13 19:08:24updated4Added tag - hotadminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:22+00:002011-09-13 19:08:22addTag3adminadmin2011-09-13 19:08:10+00:002011-09-13 19:08:10updated2First createdadminadmin2011-09-13 19:04:30+00:002011-09-13 19:04:30created1weblog2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecddFalseQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds/groups/apenvironmentalscience/weblog/4ecdd/Questions_for_Wednesday_wiki_adds.htmladmin4 updatesQuestions for Wednesday, wiki adds Team, I'd like to try something for class tomorrow: each of you to create a question from chapter 3, and email it to me by this evening (Tuesday). Pl...Falseadmin2011-09-13T19:08:24+00:00hot/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/index.rss?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomelist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/search/?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcomeRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdates?sort=modifiedDate&kind=all&sortDirection=reverse&excludePages=wiki/welcome0/groups/apenvironmentalscience/sidebar/RecentChangesListmodifiedDateallRecent ChangesRecentChangesListUpdateswiki/welcomeNo recent changes.reverse5searchlist/groups/apenvironmentalscience/calendar/Upcoming EventsUpcomingEventsListEvents1Getting events…